Viet-Nam, Tsoelopele le Setso - BATHO BA BANG

Hits: 191

Ka PIERRE HUARD¹
(Setho se Hlomphehang sa École Française d'Extrême-Orient)
LE DITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO²
(Setho sa École Française d'Extrême-Orient³)
Khatiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea 3rd 1998, Imprimerie Nationale Paris,

     Beside ba inehetseng ho alimentation le mekhoa ea liaparo (sheba likhaolo XIV, XV, XVI), litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho li ka aroloa ka tsela e latelang:

1° Baetsi ba mesebetsi ea matsoho ba sebetsang ka litšepe (li-tinmen, li-bronze-founder, li-jewellers, li-nielists, li-coins casters, baetsi ba libetsa);
2° Litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tsa Ceramist (libōpi, baetsi ba letsopa, baetsi ba letsopa, baetsi ba lithaele, ba etsang litene);
3° Baetsi ba mesebetsi ea matsoho ba sebetsang ka lehong (bakopanyi, baetsi ba khabinete, babetli ba mapolanka, ba hatisang, ba etsang lipampiri, babetli ba metsing, babetli ba litšoantšo);
4° Litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tse etsang mesebetsi ea masela (balohi ba k’hothone, ba jute, ba rokang ramie kapa silika, baetsi ba libaskete, baetsi ba liseile, ba etsang lithapo, ba etsang liparasole, ba etsang mathe, ba etsang mekotla, ba etsang lifofu, ba etsang likatiba, ba etsang likobo le ba etsang lihamo);

5° Baetsi ba mesebetsi ea matsoho ba sebetsang ka letlalo (basuki ba matlalo le ba etsang lieta);
6 ° litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho ea Lacquerware;
7° Baetsi ba lehong le ba majoe;
8° Baetsi ba mesebetsi ea matsoho ba sebetsang ka likhetla, lenaka le lenaka la tlou;
9° Litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho li etsa lintho tsa borapeli.

     A karolo e kholo ea litsebi tsena tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho e ne e le basebetsi ba lokolohileng. Empa the Hue Court ha ea ka ea khetholla moetsi oa litšoantšo ho setsebi sa mesebetsi ea matsoho 'me ea e-ba le lithupelo tsa 'nete tsa naha tse kenyelletsang batho ba khabisang, li-inlayers, li-nielists, li-lacquerers, baetsi ba litšoantšo, basebetsi ba manaka a tlou le mabenyane.

     VLisebelisoa tsa ietnamese li bonolo, li bobebe, li bonolo ho li etsa, li ikamahanya hantle le mathata ao setsebi se bohlale se lokelang ho se rarolla ka ho ba le mamello le ho se leke ho boloka nako ea hae.

      Sbasebetsi le liboutu hangata li nkeloa sebaka ke likhutlo tsa lehong. Lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang hona joale ke: li-levers, trestles, li-wedge tse petsolang lehong, weding press, [Leqephe 188] mabili a meno, mabili a sefate sa axle le a locomotory, matla a hydraulic. (litšiloana tsa metsi, li-raise-husking pounders), likoloi tsa batho, li-harrows, mabili a manyenyane le lipiston (eo tšimoloho e neng e bonahala e khutlela moetlong oa maiketsetso oa boroa-bochabela oo moetlo oa sino-vietnamese o ka beng o ikhethile).

     Mercier o totobalitse litšobotsi tsa lisebelisoa tsena hantle. Empa, re hole le ho ba le, tabeng ena, e lekanang le Rudolf Hummer oa Chaena mosebetsing.

     Cbatho ba rafshoang ka nako e tšoanang ke bahoebi. Joalo ka Baroma le batho ba Europe ba mehleng e bohareng, ba boloka liakhaonto tsa bona ntle le ho sebelisa lipalo tsa pene le enke. Lipalo tse joalo li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke abacus ea Chaena. E 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa Luong The Vinh (ngaka ka 1463) mosebetsi oa lipalo o nang le sehlooho se reng "Toán pháp đại thành" (Mokhoa o felletseng oa lipalo) hoo e ka be e bile ho fetoloa ha buka ka Vũ Hũu, e mong oa batho ba mehleng ea hae, ea neng a phekola ka tšebeliso ea li-abacus. Bahoebi ba Machaena ba ntse ba sebelisa abacus, empa basebetsi-'moho le bona ba Vietnam ba bonahala ba e lahlile. Despierres o entse phuputso ea eona haufinyane.

    Sli-hop-signs ka linako tse ling li bontša mabitso a beng ba tsona. Hangata li hlahisa feela lebitso la khoebo, le nang le litlhaku tse peli, ka linako tse ling tsa litlhaku tse tharo tsa machaena (kapa lingoliloeng tsa bona tsa Selatine) e nkoang e le monate.

    Tsebopeho sa hae xương (sengoloa sa sechaena tch'ang) seo se bolela "bokhabane"Le"nala” fana Vĩnh Phát Xương “nala e atlehang ka ho sa feleng” kapa Mỹ Xương “bokgabane bo kgahlehang”. Mabitso a mang a khoebo mohlomong Vạn Bảo (mabenyane a likete tse leshome), Đại Hưng (kholo e kholo), Quý Ký (letšoao le letle) 'me Yên Thành (khotso e phethahetseng).
A tloaelo ea khafetsa har'a bahoebi e ne e le ea đõt vía đốt van.

      Cbarekisi ba ka ba le nako e le 'ngoe ka lành or ka tốt (moya o motle, pelo e ntle), ka nako e 'ngoe e ka xấu or vía dữ (meea e khopo, e khopo). Haeba pelo ea mofani oa pele e mpe or dữ o tsoa ka lebenkeleng a sa reka letho, ka mor'a lipuisano tse telele, kahoo, bareki ba latelang ba ka 'na ba mo etsisa hantle.

     IBoemong bo joalo, mong'a lebenkele o tlameha ho thibela koluoa ​​ka ho itšeha le ho chesa likotoana tse supileng tsa katiba ea hae haeba moreki e le monna, le likotoana tse robong, haeba moreki e le mosali. Ka nako e ts'oanang o bitsa mantsoe a latelang:

             Đốt vía, đốt van, đốt thằng rắn gan, đốt con rắn ruột, lành vía thì ở, dữ vía đi.
         "Ke chesa meea, ke chesa monna ea thata, mosali ka pelo e sehlōhō, 'me ke lakatsa eka meea e ntle e tla sala, e mpe e tsamaee.. "

       Ae susumetsoa ke tumela-khoela eona eo, nako le nako ha ba qala opereishene, masholu a leoatle a bolaea motho oa pele ea fetang ka tsela eo a kopanang le eena.

bibiliokerafi

+ J. Silvestre. Lintlha tse tla sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho hlophisoa ha lichelete le likhau tsa Annam le French Cochin-china. (Saigon, Imprimerie nationale, 1883).
+ GB Glover. Lipoleiti tsa lichelete tsa tšepe tsa Sechaena, Annamese, Majapane, tsa Korea, tsa lichelete tsa tšepe tse sebelisoang e le lithatho tsa mmuso oa China le lintlha tsa lekunutu. (Noronha le Co Hongkong, 1895).

+ Lemire. Litsebi tsa khale le tsa sejoale-joale le litumelo tsa Indochina (Paris, Challamel). Seboka se entsoeng ka la 29 Tšitoe Sociéte francaise des Ingénieurs coloniaux.
+ Ke lakatsa Lacroix. Li-numismatics tsa Annamese, 1900.
+ Pouchat. Indasteri ea Joss-stick e Tonquin, ho Revue Indochinoise, 1910–1911.

+ Mohala. Ka bonono ba annamese, ho Revue Indochinoise, 1912.
+ Marcel Bernanose. Basebetsi ba bonono ba Tonquin (Mokhabiso oa tšepe, Jewellers), ho Revue Indochinoise, Ns 20, July–December 1913, leq. 279–290.
+ A. Barbotin. Indasteri ea li-firecrackers e Tonquin, ho Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, September–October 1913.

+ R. Orband. Li-bronze tsa bonono tsa Minh Mạng, BAVH, 1914.
+ L. Cadière. Art in Huế, BAVH, 1919.
+ M. Bernanose. Mekhabiso ea bonono Tonquin, Paris, 1922.
+ C. Gravelle. Litšoantšo tsa Annamese, BAVH, 1925.

+ Albert Durier. Mokhabiso oa Annamese, Paris 1926.
+ Beaucarnot (Claude). Lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji ea ceramic bakeng sa tšebeliso ea likarolo tsa ceramic tsa likolo tsa bonono Indochina, Hanoi, 1930.
+ Le Gilbert. Indasteri ho Annam, BAVH, 1931.
+ Lemason. Tlhahisoleseding ka mekhoa ea ho tsoalisa litlhapi sebakeng sa delta sa tonquinese, 1993, leqepheng la 707.

+ H. Gourdon. Art of Annam, Paris, 1933.
+ Thân Trọng Khôi. Mabili a phahamisang a Quảng Nam le paddles norias of Thừa Thiên, 1935, leq. 349.
+ Guilleminet. Norias oa Quảng Ngãi, BAVH, 1926.
+ Guilleminet. Litokisetso tsa motheo tsa soya molemong oa lijo tsa Annamese, ho Bulletin économique de l'Indochine, 1935.
+ L. Feunteun. Ho qhotsoa ka maiketsetso ha mahe a letata Cochinchina, ho Bulletin Economique de l'Indochine, 1935, leq. 231.

[214]

+ Rudolf P. Hummel. China mosebetsing, 1937.
+ Mohau, Lisebelisoa tsa litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tsa Annamese, ho BEFEO, 1937.
+ RPY Laubie. Litšoantšo tse tummeng Tonquin, BAVH, 1931.
+ P. Gourou. Indasteri ea motsana sebakeng sa delta sa Tonquinese, Kopano ea Machaba ea Geography, 1938.

+ P. Gourou. Sefate sa anise sa China se Tonquin (communiqué of Agriculture services in Tonquin), 1938, leq. 966.
+ Ch. Mokokotlo. Lipuisano ka litlelase tsa ho sebetsa Tonquin, 1939.
+ G. de Coral Remusat. Annamese art, Moslem arts, Extreme-Orient, Paris, 1939.
+ Nguyễn Văn Tố. Sefahleho sa motho ka bonono ba annamese, ho CEFEO, N°18, 1^st trimester ea 1939.

+ Henri Bouchon. Lihlopha tsa basebetsi ba matsoalloa le mesebetsi ea matsoho e tlatsetsang, ka Indochine, 26 sept. 1940.
+ X… - Charles Crevost. Animator ea sehlopha sa basebetsi sa tonquinese, ho Indochine, June 15, 1944.
+ Công nghệ thiệt hành (liindasteri tse sebetsang), ho Revue de Vulgarisation, Saigon, 1940.
+ Passignat. Li-masters-Iacquerers tsa Hanoi, ka Indochine February 6, 1941.

+ Passignat. Lacquer, ka Indochine, Dec. 25, 1941.
+ Passignat. Ivory, Indochine, January 15, 1942.
+ Serene (R.) Mokhoa oa setso oa Annamese: Woodcut, ka Indochine, Oct. 1st, 1942.
+ Nguyễn Xuân Nghi eo ho thoeng ke Từ Lâm, Lược khảo mỹ thuật Việt Nam (Outline of Vietnamese Art), Hanoi, Thuỵ-ký printinghouse, 1942.

+ L. Bezacier. Essay ka bonono ba Annamese, Hanoi, 1944.
+ Paul Boudet. Pampiri ea Annamese, ho Indochine, Jan. 27 le Feb. 17, 1944.
+ Mạnh Quỳnh. Tšimoloho le moelelo oa li-woodcuts tse tummeng tsa Tet, ka Indochine, Feb. 10, 1945.
+ Crevost et Petelot. Lethathamo la lihlahisoa tsa Indochina, ntate VI. Li-tannins le li-tinctorial (1941). [Mabitso a lihlahisoa tsa Vietnamese a fanoe].

+ Aug. Chevalier. Lethathamo la pele la meru le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa meru tsa Tonquin, Hanoi, Ideo, 1919. (Mabitso a Sevietnam a fanoa).
+ Lecomte. Meru ea Indochina, Agence Economique de l'Indochine, Paris, 1926.
+ R. Bulteau. Lintlha mabapi le ho etsoa ha lipitsa tsa letsopa profinseng ea Bình Định, ho BAVH, 1927, leq. 149 le 184 (e na le lethathamo le letle la lipitsa tsa letsopa tse fapaneng tsa Khomotso le lipapiso tsa bona mmoho le mabitso a sebaka sa bona).
+ Li-Despierres. Abacus ea China, ho Sud-Est, 1951.

lintlha :
Mohloli: Khokahano ea Viet Nam, PIERRE HUARD & MAURICE DURAND, Khatiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea boraro ea 3, Imprimerie Nationale Paris, École Française D'Extrême-Orient, Hanoi - Translated by VU THIEN KIM - NGUYEN PHAN ST Minh Nhat's Archives.
◊ Sehlooho sa hlooho, setšoantšo sa sepia se hlahang le litemana tsohle li setiloe ke Ban Thu Thu - khaledna

BONA HO EKETSEHILENG :
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - Mofuta oa pele - fr.VersiGoo
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - mofuta oa Vietnamese - vi.VersiGoo
◊  Connaisance du Viet Nam - All VersiGoo (Sejapane, Serussia, Serumani, Sepanish, Sekorea, ...

BAN TU THƯ
5 / 2022