BOPHELO BA LI-ETHNIC GROUPS tse 54 ho VIETNAM - Karolo ea 1

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PHAM DUC THANH, Dr. Assoc. Moprofesa¹

Naha ea Asia e Boroa-bochabela

    Vietnam ke naha e nang le sebopeho sa S e koahelang moepa o ka bochabela oa lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse 331,041 Hloahloeng ea Indochina. E na le libaka tse fapaneng tsa naha: moru le thaba, bohareng ba naha, thota, leoatle, sehlekehleke le seretse se seholo sa kontinenteng.

    Vietnam e teng ka pelong ea Asia Boroa-bochabela, e hokahanyang karolo e ka boroa-bochabela ea Euroasia k'honthinente.

    Lithaba le maralla li koahela likarolo tse tharo ho tse nne tsa naha. Lenaneong la North, haholo-holo Northwest, ke lithaba tse phahameng. The Hoang Lien Son Range², e hokahanyang Ma Range Range³ le leboea Truong Son Range⁴, ke VietnamSebaka seo ho leng thata ho fihlella ho sona ka lebaka la litlhoro tse makholo le lithaba tse arolang le ho sitisa puisano lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng. Ho feta boroa Truong Son Range², lithaba li theosa butle ka bophirima, li etsa sebaka se phahameng se phahameng sa basalt se bitsoang Tay Nguyen⁵ (Li-Highlands tse Bohareng), ebe o theohela karolong e ka bochabela ea Vietnam Boroa pele o ikopanya le se seholo Delta ea Mekong⁶.

    Mela e Northwest joalo ka Da (Black), Hong (Red), Lo, Maqhubu a Ma, kaofela li matha ka nqa e ka leboea-bophirima-bophirima. Khokahano ea noka e teteaneng e karolong e kaholimo e thusa ho theha liphula tsa boholo bohle. Mabaka a Alluvial le libenche tse pel'a noka li koahetsoe ka serethe se matla sa poone e nang le ts'ireletso e loketseng temo ea raese e nang le metsi. Tsena ke libaka tsa bohlokoa tsa bolulo tseo e leng mehato e metle ea ho theha setšoantšo se hlakileng le se makatsang sa setso.

   Karolong e ka leboea ea Vietnam e Bohareng, lithaba li balehela leoatleng. Linoka tse khutšoane tse phallang ka potlako li na le alluvium e nyane ebile ha li khone ho theha li-deltas tse kholo. Ho tloha karolong e ka boroa ka boroa, leha ho le joalo, pela linoka tse ling tse phallela bochabela, linoka tse joalo joalo ka Se Bang Phay⁷, Se Bang Hieng Poko⁸, 'me Serepok⁹ phalla ka bophirimela ho Laos¹⁰ 'me Cambodia¹¹ ho ikopanya le Noka ea Mekong¹² pele o khutlela ho Vietnam moo li thehang sethala se seholo Delta ea Mekong¹³.

    Vietnam e na le metsi a maholo a sebaka se nang le metsi, moeli o lebopong la lik'hilomithara tse fetang 3,200 le setsi se seholo sa kontinenteng, se nang le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa bohlokoa tse kenyelletsang mohloli oa lihlahisoa tsa metsing.

Lehlakore le Totobetseng la Merabe e sa Tšoaneng ea Merabe

    Vietnam ke naha e merabe e fapaneng. Ho latela phatlalatso ea mmuso, Vietnam e na le merabe e 54 moo ho Vietnamesisch (ma kinh) ke bongata. Likarolo tse nyane tsa morabe li batla li le 14% ea sechaba kaofela. Hona joale, lihlopha tsena li na le baahi ba limilione tse 12. E itšetleha ka likarolo tsa lipuo, merabe ho Vietnam li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse robeli tsa lipuo:

1. The Vietnam-Muong (lihlopha tse 'ne):  Vietnamesisch (ma kinh), Muong, Tho, 'me Khutsa.
2. The Tha-Thai (lihlopha tse robeli): Tay, Thai, Nung, Bo Y, Giay, Lao, Lu, 'me San Chay.
3. The Mon-Khmer (Lihlopha tsa 21): Kho Mu, Khang, Mang, Xinh Mun, Bru-Van Kieu, Ta Oi, Co Tu, Ho Re, Gie Trieng, Ba Na, Xe Dang, Brau, Ro Mam, Mnong, Ma, Co Ho, Xtieng Cho Ro. Khmer, 'me Oho Du.
4. The H'mong-Dao (lihlopha tse tharo): Hmong, Dao, 'me Pa Joale.
5. The Malayo-Polinesia (lihlopha tse hlano): E ETSOA KE: Gia Rai, Ede, Chu Ru, Raglai, 'me Cham.
6. The o (lihlopha tse tharo): Hoa (o), ngai, 'me San Diu.
7. The Tibeto-Seburmese (lihlopha tse tšeletseng): Phu La, La Hu, Cong, Lo Lo, 'me Haeba e.
   Ba bang: Co Lao, La Chi, Pu Peo, 'me La Ha.

… E tsoele pele karolong ea 2…

lintlha:
¹ : PHAM DUC THANH (1944, Hai Phong) - Moprofesa ea Kopaneng, Ph.D., Motsamaisi oa mehleng oa Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Asia Boroa-bochabela (1994-Hlakubele 2006); Ka lebaka la boemo ba ntoa ka mor'a Tumellano ea Geneva 1954, o qetile sekolong se phahameng ka 1963 'me a ingolisa,' me a kenngoa sekolo ka 1968, a ntan'o fetisa tlhahlobo ea ho kena Univesithi ea Hanoi ea TheknolojiThutong ea 13, Lefapha la Nalane, mme o fumane lengolo la univesithi ka nako eo 'Muso oa Amerika's ntoa e senyang ka ho fetisisa ho North (late 1972), ebe o khutlela mosebetsing ho Setsi sa Nalane sa Vietnam. Ka June 1973, e ne e le setho sa Boto ea Lipatlisiso ea Asia Boroa-bochabela, u ikarabella Cambodialefapha la lipatlisiso, mme a khethoa ho ba Hlooho ea Lefapha ea Lisebelisoa tsa Tlhahisoleseling (a 1978). Ka 1983, ba Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Asia Boroa-bochabela e thehiloe motheong oa Boto ea Lipatlisiso ea Asia Boroa-bochabela 'me o ne a ikarabella ho Motsamaisi oa Lefapha la Patlisiso ea Cambodia le Mongoli oa Lekhotla la Saense oa Setsi. Ka 1986, ka morero oa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le Nalane ea Sejoale-joale ea Cambodia, o ile a sireletsa lengolo la hae la bongaka ka katleho mme a qala ho bolela lebitso la hae lefapheng la mahlale.

    Ho khutlela ho Czechoslovakia kamora nako e telele ea koetliso ea bongaka, ka 1991, o ile a phahamisetsoa ho Motlatsi oa Motsamaisi ebe joale Motsamaisi oa Southeast Asia Research Institute (a 1994) mme a lula ofising ena ho fihlela ha a tlohela mosebetsi (Mots'eanong, 2006).

    Lilemo tse mashome a seng makae tsa ho sebetsa le Institute, ka thuto ea linaha tse sebakeng seo, haholo naheng ea Cambodia, Assoc. PHAM DUC THANH e na le letlotlo le leholo la lipatlisiso tsa saense: 1) Lihlooho tse ngata tse kholo tsa boemo ba Naha tse kang: Karolo ea linaha tse kholo tikolohong ea Asia-Pacific; 2) Morero oa lekala oa lenaneo la lipatlisiso ka capitalism ea sejoale-joale le sehlooho se ikemetseng se bitsoang "ASEAN e hokahana lilemong tse leshome tse qalang tsa lekholo lena la bo21 la lilemo”Eo a ileng a e okamela; 3) Merero e supileng ea boemo ba matona litabeng tse kang: Kamano ea Vietnam-Laos ts'ebetsong ea nalane, Baahi ba Vietnamese le Lao, Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APEC), Ntoa ea Ntoa ea Vietnam-Laos-Cambodia,…; 4) Ho hokahanya ho kenya tšebetsong balekane ba tšebelisano 'moho le mekhatlo ea machabeng ho theha lerata har'a bafuputsi; 5) Libuka tse ka bang 10 (e ngotsoe ka thoko le ka kopanelo) joalo ka: "Nalane ea Cambodia"(1995), "Likamano tsa Vietnam-ASEAN“,…; 6) Lingoloa tse ka bang 30 tse phatlalalitsoeng limakasineng tsa botsebi le tsa kantle ho naha.

    Le hoja mosebetsi oa hae oa tsamaiso o phathahane haholo, Assoc. Moprof Dr. PHAM DUC THANH o ntse a sebelisa nako ea hae ho ruta bana ba sekolo ho fana ka lipuo Lefapha la Nalane, e Lefapha la Lithuto tsa Bochabela at Univesithi ea Hanoi General (hona joale Univesithi ea Saense ea Sechaba & Botho, Univesithi ea Naha ea Vietnam, Hanoi), liunivesithi tse ling ho Ho Chi Minh City… O itse: "Ke tloaelo ea thuto e thusitseng haholo mosebetsing oa lipatlisiso litabeng tse amanang le sebaka sa boithuto".

² :… Ea ntlafatsoa…

BONA HO EKETSEHILENG:
◊  Lihlopha tsa 54 tsa merabe Vietnam - Selelekela.
◊  SETJHABA sa LIHLOPHA TSE 54 TSA BOPHELO Vietnam - Karolo ea 2.
◊  Sechaba sa BA NA sa lihlopha tse 54 tsa Vietnam.
Version Phetolelo ea Vietnamese (vi-Khatiso):  CONG DONG 54 DAN TOC Vietnam - Phan 1.
Version Phetolelo ea Vietnamese (vi-Khatiso):  CONG DONG 54 DAN TOC Vietnam - Phan 2.
Mofuta oa phetolelo ea Sevietnam (vi-Khatiso):  54 Dani toc Viet Nam.
Mofuta oa phetolelo ea Sevietnam (vi-Khatiso):  Nguoi BA NA trong Cong dong 54 Ho toc anh em Viet Nam.

BAN TU THU
06/2020

HLOKOMELA:
Mohloli:  Lihlopheng tse 54 tsa morabe Vietnam - VNA Thong Tan Publishing House, Hanoi, 2008.
Cit Litemana tsohle le mongolo o tšekaletseng li behiloe ke Ban Tu Thu - khaledna